Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia score linked to all cognitive measures in Wave IV (age 26 to 29 years)

Findings seen for most diagnostic categories, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety, autism spectrum, and depressive disorders

Findings attenuated but still significant after allowing for history of anxiety, depression, body dysmorphic disorder

Increase seen in lifetime use among adults and adolescents; past-year use higher among young adults, older adults

Association even stronger for accumulation of healthy behaviors over time

Levels are lower than during the pandemic but still above prepandemic levels

Increase seen in proportion with anxiety and depression, while proportion experiencing behavioral or conduct problems remained stable

Clinicians should provide or refer those at increased risk to counseling interventions during pregnancy, postpartum