1-unit increase in lead associated with worse scores in math and reading for those with early childhood lead levels below 3.5 µg/dL and ≥3.5 µg/dL
However, when accounting for demographic and family-level factors, between-person differences were not significant
No protective associations seen for time outdoors, but protective effects for participation in organized sports
Findings independent of socioeconomic, genetic, and other risk factors
Possible relevant behaviors include infant temperament and developmental milestones at 9 months
Family history, urinary tract infection, parental death, and male sex significantly increase the odds
Caregivers with poorer mental health have higher odds of having children with behavioral issues
Benefits seen for material organization, working memory, and inhibition
Increased risks seen for autism, intellectual disability, ADHD, among others