Both treatments increase patient self-efficacy; improvements from baseline to 12-month follow-up for both treatments in all primary outcomes

No indirect associations seen for symptoms of depression and anxiety with migraine, nonmigraine frequent headache

Psychological interventions have small-to-medium beneficial effect on improving migraine frequency, pain intensity

Bidirectional association identified in large population-based follow-up study for migraine, tension-type headache

Mindfulness practices combined with active rather than sham transcranial direct-current stimulation showed greater benefit

Headache-related impairment did not improve, but headache frequency reduced and psychological functioning improved

Association between migraine, complete mental health attenuated after adjustment for physical health, mental health problems

Prospective diary study shows no evidence of acute depressive symptomatology as an early warning sign for upcoming migraine attack

Patients with NSD from Korean Health Insurance Service database have increased incidence of anxiety, depression, migraine

History of migraine linked to anxiety at gestational week 17, mixed depression and anxiety at gestational week 32