Meta-analysis of three COSMOS substudies shows evidence of benefits on global cognition, episodic memory

Based on moderate-quality evidence, direct association seen for greater intensity of behavioral therapy with efficacy findings

Prevalence of melatonin consumption significantly higher for school-aged children, preteens versus preschool children

Analysis shows most exceed the declared amount of melatonin and cannabidiol and may expose children to very high doses

Risk for self-harm reduced after initiation of melatonin, especially among adolescents with depression/anxiety

Any vitamin D supplement exposure was associated with 40 percent lower dementia incidence

Authors say more research is needed to determine the benefits of supplementation with standard treatment

But evidence suggests that reverse causation may play a role in the links between serum folate deficiency and dementia, all-cause mortality

1999-2000 to 2017-2018 saw increase in reported prevalence of melatonin use across sex and age groups

Small increase in risk for depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms but no difference in mood scores seen with long-term use