Most cases of poststroke depression occur within five years after stroke
Psychological distress commonly seen among family surrogates who made decisions about life-sustaining treatments
In some cases, cognitive impairment is reversible, but up to one-third of individuals with stroke develop dementia within five years
Odds of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke increased in association with prestroke depressive symptoms
Locus of control appears to modify the effect size of work stress on stroke risk
Findings seen for all strokes, ischemic strokes, and hemorrhagic strokes
Individuals with stroke have increase in depressive symptoms compared with matched controls at the assessment before stroke
<p>Patients with stroke have steeper declines in the 10 years before stroke compared with stroke-free controls</p>
<p>Risk elevated during follow-up, especially for middle-aged and elderly adults, compared with non-OCD controls</p>
Middle-aged and older Black and White adults have increased stroke risk with CES-D-4 scores of 1 to 3, 4 or more