Individuals with stroke have increase in depressive symptoms compared with matched controls at the assessment before stroke
Patients with stroke have steeper declines in the 10 years before stroke compared with stroke-free controls
Risk elevated during follow-up, especially for middle-aged and elderly adults, compared with non-OCD controls
Middle-aged and older Black and White adults have increased stroke risk with CES-D-4 scores of 1 to 3, 4 or more